Typically span is the second most important indicator of management load after size. But the direct report span is only the starting point

Meaningful networker spans would include all matrix reports in and out. Indeed, an additional boss causes considerably more position stress than an additional report

Key relationship counts in and out of a node, including process and group links, will identify another group of operating networkers with richer connections

Including information flows in the measures of a position’s degree would identify another large group of information networkers

In our pilot analysis, we expected a normal curve in the plot of leader span, which would indicate the presumptive random nature of hierarchical organization in large scales

Instead our plots of real data looked more like an exponential curve, a few leaders with many links (reports) and many leaders with only a few reports