Embedded hierarchy link that connects every organization node to its parent node (see whole/part node-link and core hierarchy pages for more on this fundamental link type)

Matrix links represent co-managers, a second boss typically at the same level as the direct report boss (or higher). In nature and social networks these cross-links are the “weak ties,” the shortcuts that create the “small world” effects demonstrated by the new network science (e.g., Watts). In organizations, this translates into alternative decision-making pathways and, hopefully, faster, better decisions.

Each shortcut adds an element of stress. Nature finds a few shortcuts have a big shortening impact, but quickly reaches a point where more shortcuts don’t increase overall shortness. Too many matrix reports don’t add value and do accumulate high organizational design stress